MKFS.BTRFS(8)

NAME
mkfs.btrfs - create a btrfs filesystem

SYNOPSIS

mkfs.btrfs [options] <device> [<device>...]

DESCRIPTION

mkfs.btrfs is used to create the btrfs filesystem on a single or multiple devices. The device is typically a block device but can be a file-backed image as well. Multiple devices are grouped by UUID of the filesystem.

Before mounting such filesystem, the kernel module must know all the devices either via preceding execution of btrfs device scan or using the device mount option. See section MULTIPLE DEVICES for more details.

The default block group profiles for data and metadata depend on number of devices and possibly other factors. It's recommended to use specific profiles but the defaults should be OK and allowing future conversions to other profiles. Please see options -d and -m for further details and btrfs-balance(8) <> for the profile conversion post mkfs.

OPTIONS

-b|--byte-count <size>
    Specify the size of each device as seen by the filesystem. If not set, the entire device size is used. The total filesystem size will be the sum of all device sizes, for a single device filesystem the option effectively specifies the size of the filesystem.

--csum <type>, --checksum <type>
    Specify the checksum algorithm. Default is crc32c. Valid values are crc32c, xxhash, sha256 or blake2. To mount such filesystem kernel must support the checksums as well. See section CHECKSUM ALGORITHMS <#man-btrfs5-checksum-algorithms> in btrfs(5) <>.

-d|--data <profile>
    Specify the profile for the data block groups. Valid values are raid0, raid1, raid1c3, raid1c4, raid5, raid6, raid10 or single or dup (case does not matter).

    See section DUP PROFILES ON A SINGLE DEVICE for more details.

    On multiple devices, the default was raid0 until version 5.7, while it is single since version 5.8. You can still select raid0 manually, but it was not suitable as default.

-m|--metadata <profile>
    Specify the profile for the metadata block groups. Valid values are raid0, raid1, raid1c3, raid1c4, raid5, raid6, raid10, single or dup (case does not matter).

    Default on a single device filesystem is DUP and is recommended for metadata in general. The duplication might not be necessary in some use cases and it's up to the user to change that at mkfs time or later. This depends on hardware that could potentially deduplicate the blocks again but this cannot be detected at mkfs time.

    Note: Up to version 5.14 there was a detection of a SSD device (more precisely if it's a rotational device, determined by the contents of file /sys/block/DEV/queue/rotational) that used to select single. This has changed in version 5.15 to be always dup.

    Note that the rotational status can be arbitrarily set by the underlying block device driver and may not reflect the true status (network block device, memory-backed SCSI devices, real block device behind some additional device mapper layer, etc). It's recommended to always set the options --data/--metadata to avoid confusion and unexpected results.

    See section DUP PROFILES ON A SINGLE DEVICE for more details.

    On multiple devices the default is raid1.

-M|--mixed
    Normally the data and metadata block groups are isolated. The mixed mode will remove the isolation and store both types in the same block group type. This helps to utilize the free space regardless of the purpose and is suitable for small devices. The separate allocation of block groups leads to a situation where the space is reserved for the other block group type, is not available for allocation and can lead to ENOSPC state.

    The recommended size for the mixed mode is for filesystems less than 1GiB. The soft recommendation is to use it for filesystems smaller than 5GiB. The mixed mode may lead to degraded performance on larger filesystems, but is otherwise usable, even on multiple devices.

    The nodesize and sectorsize must be equal, and the block group types must match.

    Note: Versions up to 4.2.x forced the mixed mode for devices smaller than 1GiB. This has been removed in 4.3+ as it caused some usability issues.

    Mixed profile cannot be used together with other profiles. It can only be set at creation time. Conversion to or from mixed profile is not implemented.

-n|--nodesize <size>
    Specify the nodesize, the tree block size in which btrfs stores metadata. The default value is 16KiB (16384) or the page size, whichever is bigger. Must be a multiple of the sectorsize and a power of 2, but not larger than 64KiB (65536). Leafsize always equals nodesize and the options are aliases.

    Smaller node size increases fragmentation but leads to taller b-trees which in turn leads to lower locking contention. Higher node sizes give better packing and less fragmentation at the cost of more expensive memory operations while updating the metadata blocks.

    Note: Versions up to 3.11 set the nodesize to 4KiB.

-s|--sectorsize <size>
    Specify the sectorsize, the minimum data block allocation unit.

    Note: Versions prior to 6.7 set the sectorsize matching the host CPU page size, starting in 6.7 this is 4KiB for cross-architecture compatibility. Please read more about the subpage block size support <> and its status <#status-subpage-block-size>.

    By default, the value is 4KiB, but it can be manually set to match the system page size (e.g. using command getconf PAGE_SIZE). However, if the sector size is different from the page size, the resulting filesystem may not be mountable by the current kernel, apart from the default 4KiB. Hence, using this option is not advised unless you intend to mount it on a system with the suitable page size.

    In experimental build the size 2K (2048) is also allowed and needs kernel that also allows that value, then it works in the subpage mode.

-L|--label <string>
    Specify a label for the filesystem. The string should be less than 256 bytes and must not contain newline characters.

-K|--nodiscard
    Do not perform whole device TRIM operation on devices that are capable of that. This does not affect discard/trim operation when the filesystem is mounted. Please see the mount option discard for that in btrfs(5) <>.

-r|--rootdir <rootdir>
    Populate the toplevel subvolume with files from rootdir. This does not require root permissions to write the new files or to mount the filesystem.

    Directories can be created as subvolumes, see also option --subvol. Hardlinks are detected and created in the filesystem image.

    Note: This option may enlarge the image or file to ensure it's big enough to contain the files from rootdir. Since version 4.14.1 the filesystem size is not minimized. Please see option --shrink if you need that functionality.

--compress <algo>[:<level>]
    Try to compress files when using --rootdir. Supported values for algo are no (the default), zstd, lzo or zlib. The optional value level is a compression level, 1..15 for zstd, 1..9 for zlib.

    It is recommended to use the highest level to achieve maximum space savings. Compression at mkfs time is not as constrained as in kernel where it's desirable to use less CPU load. Otherwise the default level is 3.

    As with the kernel, mkfs.btrfs won't write compressed extents when they would be larger than the uncompressed versions, and will set file attribute NOCOMPRESS if its beginning is found to be incompressible.

    Note: The support for ZSTD and LZO is a compile-time option, please check the output of mkfs.btrfs --version for the actual support.

-u|--subvol <type>:<subdir>
    Specify that subdir is to be created as a subvolume rather than a regular directory. The option --rootdir must also be specified, and subdir must be an existing subdirectory within it. This option can be specified multiple times.

    The type is an optional additional modifier. Valid choices are:

•   default: create as default subvolume

•   ro: create as read-only subvolume

•   rw: create as read-write subvolume (the default)

•   default-ro: create as read-only default subvolume

    Only one of default and default-ro may be specified.

    If you wish to create a subvolume with a name containing a colon and you don't want this to be parsed as containing a modifier, you can prefix the path with ./:

        $ mkfs.btrfs --rootdir dir --subvol ./ro:subdir /dev/loop0

    If there are hardlinks inside rootdir and subdir will split the subvolumes, like the following case:

        rootdir/
        |- hardlink1
        |- hardlink2
        |- subdir/  <- will be a subvolume
           |- hardlink3

    In that case we cannot create hardlink3 as hardlinks of hardlink1 and hardlink2 because hardlink3 will be inside a new subvolume.

--inode-flags <flags>:<path>
    Specify that path to have inode flags, other than the default one (which implies data COW and data checksum). The option --rootdir must also be specified. This option can be specified multiple times.

    The supported flag(s) are:

•   nodatacow: disable data COW, implies nodatasum for regular files.

•   nodatasum: disable data checksum only.

    flags can be separated by comma (,).

    Children inodes will inherit the flags from their parent inodes, like the following case:

        rootdir/
        |- file1
        |- file2
        |- dir/
           |- file3

    In that case, if --inode-flags nodatacow:dir is specified, both dir and file3 will have the nodatacow flag.

    And this option also works with --subvol option, but the inode flag of each subvolume is independent and will not inherit from the parent directory. (The same as the kernel behavior.)

--reflink
    When used with --rootdir try to clone file extents using FICLONERANGE ioctl instead of copying the bytes. This requires the source files and the final image to exist on the same filesystem.

--shrink
    Shrink the filesystem to its minimal size, only works with --rootdir option.

    If the destination block device is a regular file, this option will also truncate the file to the minimal size. Otherwise it will reduce the filesystem available space. Extra space will not be usable unless the filesystem is mounted and resized using btrfs filesystem resize.

    Note: Prior to version 4.14.1, the shrinking was done automatically.

-O|--features <feature1>[,<feature2>...]
    A list of filesystem features turned on at mkfs time. Not all features are supported by old kernels. To disable a feature, prefix it with ^.

    See section FILESYSTEM FEATURES for more details. To see all available features that mkfs.btrfs supports run:

        $ mkfs.btrfs -O list-all

-f|--force
    Forcibly overwrite the block devices when an existing filesystem is detected. By default, mkfs.btrfs will utilize libblkid to check for any known filesystem on the devices. Alternatively you can use the wipefs utility to clear the devices.

-q|--quiet
    Print only error or warning messages. Options --features or --help are unaffected. Resets any previous effects of --verbose.

-U|--uuid <UUID>
    Create the filesystem with the given UUID. For a single-device filesystem, you can duplicate the UUID. However, for a multi-device filesystem, the UUID must not already exist on any currently present filesystem.

--device-uuid <UUID>
    Create the filesystem with the given device-uuid UUID (also known as UUID_SUB in blkid). For a single device filesystem, you can duplicate the device-uuid. However, used for a multi-device filesystem this option will not work at the moment.

-v|--verbose
    Increase verbosity level, default is 1.

-V|--version
    Print the mkfs.btrfs version, builtin features and exit.

--help
    Print help.

DEPRECATED OPTIONS

-R|--runtime-features <feature1>[,<feature2>...]
    Removed in 6.3, was used to specify features not affecting on-disk format. Now all such features are merged into -O|--features option. The option -R will stay for backward compatibility.

SIZE UNITS

The default unit is byte. All size parameters accept suffixes in the 1024 base. The recognized suffixes are: k, m, g, t, p, e, both uppercase and lowercase.

MULTIPLE DEVICES

Before mounting a multiple device filesystem, the kernel module must know the association of the block devices that are attached to the filesystem UUID.

There is typically no action needed from the user. On a system that utilizes a udev-like daemon, any new block device is automatically registered. The rules call btrfs device scan.

The same command can be used to trigger the device scanning if the btrfs kernel module is reloaded (naturally all previous information about the device registration is lost).

Another possibility is to use the mount options device to specify the list of devices to scan at the time of mount.

    # mount -o device=/dev/sdb,device=/dev/sdc /dev/sda /mnt

Note: This means only scanning, if the devices do not exist in the system, mount will fail anyway. This can happen on systems without initramfs/initrd and root partition created with RAID1/10/5/6 profiles. The mount action can happen before all block devices are discovered. The waiting is usually done on the initramfs/initrd systems.

Warning: RAID5/6 has known problems and should not be used in production.

FILESYSTEM FEATURES

Features that can be enabled during creation time. See also btrfs(5) <> section FILESYSTEM FEATURES <#man-btrfs5-filesystem-features>.

mixed-bg
    (kernel support since 2.6.37)

    mixed data and metadata block groups, also set by option --mixed

extref
    (default since btrfs-progs 3.12, kernel support since 3.7)

    increased hardlink limit per file in a directory to 65536, older kernels supported a varying number of hardlinks depending on the sum of all file name sizes that can be stored into one metadata block

raid56
    (kernel support since 3.9)

    extended format for RAID5/6, also enabled if RAID5 or RAID6 block groups are selected

skinny-metadata
    (default since btrfs-progs 3.18, kernel support since 3.10)

    reduced-size metadata for extent references, saves a few percent of metadata

no-holes
    (default since btrfs-progs 5.15, kernel support since 3.14)

    improved representation of file extents where holes are not explicitly stored as an extent, saves a few percent of metadata if sparse files are used

zoned
    (kernel support since 5.12)

    zoned mode, data allocation and write friendly to zoned/SMR/ZBC/ZNS devices, see ZONED MODE <#man-btrfs5-zoned-mode> in btrfs(5) <>, the mode is automatically selected when a zoned device is detected

quota
    (kernel support since 3.4)

    Enable quota support (qgroups). The qgroup accounting will be consistent, can be used together with --rootdir. See also btrfs-quota(8) <>.

free-space-tree
    (default since btrfs-progs 5.15, kernel support since 4.5)

    Enable the free space tree (mount option space_cache=v2) for persisting the free space cache in a b-tree. This is built on top of the COW mechanism and has better performance than v1.

    Offline conversion from filesystems that don't have this feature enabled at mkfs time is possible, see btrfstune(8) <>.

    Online conversion can be done by mounting with space_cache=v2, this is sufficient to be done one time.

block-group-tree
    (default since btrfs-progs v6.19, kernel support since 6.1)

    Enable a dedicated b-tree for block group items, this greatly reduces mount time for large filesystems due to better data locality that avoids seeking. On rotational devices the large size is considered starting from the 2-4TiB. Can be used on other types of devices (SSD, NVMe, ...) as well.

    Offline conversion from filesystems that don't have this feature enabled at mkfs time is possible, see btrfstune(8) <>. Online conversion is not possible.

    Note: This feature requires no-holes and free-space-tree features, if these dependency features are disabled, block-group-tree feature will also be disabled automatically.

raid-stripe-tree
    (kernel support since 6.7, CONFIG_BTRFS_DEBUG/CONFIG_BTRFS_EXPERIMENTAL)

    Separate tree for logical file extent mapping where the physical mapping may not match on multiple devices. This is now used in zoned mode to implement RAID0/RAID1* profiles, but can be used in non-zoned mode as well. The support for RAID56 is in development and will eventually fix the problems with the current implementation. This is a backward incompatible feature and has to be enabled at mkfs time.

    Note: Due to the status of implementation it is enabled only in builds with CONFIG_BTRFS_DEBUG/CONFIG_BTRFS_EXPERIMENTAL. Support by the kernel module can be found in the sysfs feature list.

squota
    (kernel support since 6.7)

    Enable simple quota accounting (squotas). This is an alternative to qgroups with a smaller performance impact but no notion of shared vs. exclusive usage.

BLOCK GROUPS, CHUNKS, RAID

The highlevel organizational units of a filesystem are block groups of three types: data, metadata and system.

DATA
    store data blocks and nothing else

METADATA
    store internal metadata in b-trees, can store file data if they fit into the inline limit

SYSTEM
    store structures that describe the mapping between the physical devices and the linear logical space representing the filesystem

    Other terms commonly used:

block group, chunk
    a logical range of space of a given profile, stores data, metadata or both; sometimes the terms are used interchangeably

    A typical size of metadata block group is 256MiB (filesystem smaller than 50GiB) and 1GiB (larger than 50GiB), for data it's 1GiB. The system block group size is a few megabytes.

RAID
    a block group profile type that utilizes RAID-like features on multiple devices: striping, mirroring, parity

profile
    when used in connection with block groups refers to the allocation strategy and constraints, see the section PROFILES for more details

PROFILES

There are the following block group types available:
Profiles | Redundancy Copies | Redundancy Parity | Redundancy Striping | Space utilization | Min/max devices
single | 1 |  |  | 100% | 1/any
DUP | 2 / 1 device |  |  | 50% | 1/any (see note 1)
RAID0 | 1 |  | 1 to N | 100% | 1/any (see note 5)
RAID1 | 2 |  |  | 50% | 2/any
RAID1C3 | 3 |  |  | 33% | 3/any
RAID1C4 | 4 |  |  | 25% | 4/any
RAID10 | 2 |  | 1 to N | 50% | 2/any (see note 5)
RAID5 | 1 | 1 | 2 to N-1 | (N-1)/N | 2/any (see note 2)
RAID6 | 1 | 2 | 3 to N-2 | (N-2)/N | 3/any (see note 3)

Warning: It's not recommended to create filesystems with RAID0/1/10/5/6 profiles on partitions from the same device. Neither redundancy nor performance will be improved.

Note 1: DUP may exist on more than 1 device if it starts on a single device and another one is added. Since version 4.5.1, mkfs.btrfs will let you create DUP on multiple devices without restrictions.

Note 2: It's not recommended to use 2 devices with RAID5. In that case, parity stripe will contain the same data as the data stripe, making RAID5 degraded to RAID1 with more overhead.

Note 3: It's also not recommended to use 3 devices with RAID6, unless you want to get effectively 3 copies in a RAID1-like manner (but not exactly that).

Note 4: Since kernel 5.5 it's possible to use RAID1C3 as replacement for RAID6, higher space cost but reliable.

Note 5: Since kernel 5.15 it's possible to use (mount, convert profiles) RAID0 on one device and RAID10 on two devices.

  PROFILE LAYOUT

For the following examples, assume devices numbered by 1, 2, 3 and 4, data or metadata blocks A, B, C, D, with possible stripes e.g. A1, A2 that would be logically A, etc. For parity profiles PA and QA are parity and syndrome, associated with the given stripe. The simple layouts single or DUP are left out. Actual physical block placement on devices depends on current state of the free/allocated space and may appear random. All devices are assumed to be present at the time of the blocks would have been written.

  RAID1
device 1 | device 2 | device 3 | device 4
A | D |  |
B |  |  | C
C |  |  |
D | A | B |

  RAID1C3
device 1 | device 2 | device 3 | device 4
A | A | D |
B |  | B |
C |  | A | C
D | D | C | B

  RAID0
device 1 | device 2 | device 3 | device 4
A2 | C3 | A3 | C2
B1 | A1 | D2 | B3
C1 | D3 | B4 | D1
D4 | B2 | C4 | A4

  RAID5
device 1 | device 2 | device 3 | device 4
A2 | C3 | A3 | C2
B1 | A1 | D2 | B3
C1 | D3 | PB | D1
PD | B2 | PC | PA

  RAID6
device 1 | device 2 | device 3 | device 4
A2 | QC | QA | C2
B1 | A1 | D2 | QB
C1 | QD | PB | D1
PD | B2 | PC | PA

DUP PROFILES ON A SINGLE DEVICE

The mkfs utility will let the user create a filesystem with profiles that write the logical blocks to 2 physical locations. Whether there are really 2 physical copies highly depends on the underlying device type.

For example, a SSD drive can remap the blocks internally to a single copy--thus deduplicating them. This negates the purpose of increased redundancy and just wastes filesystem space without providing the expected level of redundancy.

The duplicated data/metadata may still be useful to statistically improve the chances on a device that might perform some internal optimizations. The actual details are not usually disclosed by vendors. For example we could expect that not all blocks get deduplicated. This will provide a non-zero probability of recovery compared to a zero chance if the single profile is used. The user should make the tradeoff decision. The deduplication in SSDs is thought to be widely available so the reason behind the mkfs default is to not give a false sense of redundancy.

As another example, the widely used USB flash or SD cards use a translation layer between the logical and physical view of the device. The data lifetime may be affected by frequent plugging. The memory cells could get damaged, hopefully not destroying both copies of particular data in case of DUP.

The wear levelling techniques can also lead to reduced redundancy, even if the device does not do any deduplication. The controllers may put data written in a short time span into the same physical storage unit (cell, block etc). In case this unit dies, both copies are lost. BTRFS does not add any artificial delay between metadata writes.

The traditional rotational hard drives usually fail at the sector level.

In any case, a device that starts to misbehave and repairs from the DUP copy should be replaced! DUP is not backup.

KNOWN ISSUES

SMALL FILESYSTEMS AND LARGE NODESIZE

The combination of small filesystem size and large nodesize is not recommended in general and can lead to various ENOSPC-related issues during mount time or runtime.

Since mixed block group creation is optional, we allow small filesystem instances with differing values for sectorsize and nodesize to be created and could end up in the following situation:

    # mkfs.btrfs -f -n 65536 /dev/loop0
    btrfs-progs v3.19-rc2-405-g976307c
    See https://btrfs.readthedocs.io for more information.
    Performing full device TRIM (512.00MiB) ...
    Label:              (null)
    UUID:               49fab72e-0c8b-466b-a3ca-d1bfe56475f0
    Node size:          65536
    Sector size:        4096
    Filesystem size:    512.00MiB
    Block group profiles:
      Data:             single            8.00MiB
      Metadata:         DUP              40.00MiB
      System:           DUP              12.00MiB
    SSD detected:       no
    Incompat features:  extref, skinny-metadata
    Number of devices:  1
    Devices:
      ID        SIZE  PATH
       1   512.00MiB  /dev/loop0
    # mount /dev/loop0 /mnt/
    mount: mount /dev/loop0 on /mnt failed: No space left on device

The ENOSPC occurs during the creation of the UUID tree. This is caused by large metadata blocks and space reservation strategy that allocates more than can fit into the filesystem.

AVAILABILITY

btrfs is part of btrfs-progs. Please refer to the documentation at <https://btrfs.readthedocs.io>.

SEE ALSO

btrfs(5) <>, btrfs(8) <>, btrfs-balance(8) <>, wipefs(8) <https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/wipefs.8.html>